Prospective exosome-focused translational research for afatinib (EXTRA) study of patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer harboring EGFR mutation: an observational clinical study.

Background: The exosome-focused translational research for afatinib (EXTRA) study is the first trial to identify novel predictive biomarkers for longer treatment efficacy of afatinib in patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) via a comprehensive association study using genomic, proteomic, epigenomic, and metabolomic analyses. Objectives: We report details of the clinical portion prior to omics analyses. Design: A prospective, single-arm, observational study was conducted using afatinib 40 mg/day as an initial dose in untreated patients with EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC. Dose reduction to 20 mg every other day was allowed. Methods: Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated. Results: A total of 103 patients (median age 70 years, range 42-88 years) were enrolled from 21 institutions in Japan between February 2017 and March 2018. After a median follow-up of 35.0 months, 21% remained on afatinib treatment, whereas 9% had discontinued treatment because of AEs. The median PFS was 18.4 months, with a 3-year PFS rate of 23.3%. The median afatinib treatment duration in patients with final doses of 40 (n = 27), 30 (n = 23), and 20 mg/day (n = 35), and 20 mg every other day (n = 18) were 13.4, 15.4, 18.8, and 18.3 months, respectively. The median OS was not reached, with a 3-year OS rate of 58.5%. The median OS in patients who did (n = 25) and did not (n = 78) receive osimertinib during the entire course of treatment were 42.4 months and not reached, respectively (p = 0.654). Conclusions: As the largest prospective study in Japan, this study confirmed favorable OS following first-line afatinib in patients with EGFR mutation-positive NSCLC in a real-world setting. Further analysis of the EXTRA study is expected to identify novel predictive biomarkers for afatinib. Trial registration: UMIN-CTR identifier (UMIN000024935, https://center6.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_his_list.cgi?recptno=R000028688.

Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus Lung Disease: Drug Susceptibility Testing in Sputum Culture Negative Conversion.

Background: Among Mycobacterium abscessus complex infections, patients with M. abscessus subsp. abscessus (MAA) lung disease are difficult to treat and no standard therapy has been established. Few reports have investigated the drug susceptibility of these strains. We retrospectively investigated how in vitro drug susceptibility testing (DST) of MAA affects the induction of sputum conversion using pharmacotherapy. Methods: Patients with MAA lung disease diagnosed and treated between 2010 and 2014 at our hospital were enrolled and divided into Group A (sputum conversion without relapse within 1 year) and Group B (persistent positive cultured or negative conversion with relapse). MAA was identified in M. abscessus using sequence with genotyping, and DST of MAA was performed. Results: We assessed 23 patients (9 males and 14 females). There were 8 patients in Group A and 15 in Group B. Higher prevalence of susceptible isolates for clarithromycin (CAM) susceptibility on day 14 was noted in Group A than in Group B (P = 0.03) and no significant difference observed in the two groups for other drugs. Conclusions: In vitro DST of MAA, especially CAM susceptibility on day 14, affected the results of negative conversion. No other drugs were found to affect sputum culture negative conversion.

Clinical Features of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Pleurisy: A Review of 12 Cases.

Objective The incidence of pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections has increased in recent decades. Nevertheless, NTM pleurisy is still a rare disease. The objective of the present study was to elucidate the clinical features and outcomes of NTM pleurisy. Methods A retrospective study was undertaken of consecutive patients whose pleural effusion culture yielded NTM, from 2002 to 2016 at a respiratory hospital in Japan. The clinical features, treatment, and outcomes of these patients were analyzed. Result The 12 patients with NTM pleurisy were predominantly male, with a median age of 69 years (range, 48-93 years). They included eight patients with a history of smoking and six patients with immunosuppressive comorbidities such as malignancy, diabetes mellitus, and conditions requiring steroid administration. Fibrocavitary disease was the most common radiographic feature of these patients, and Mycobacterium avium complex was the most common pathogen. Pneumothorax was complicated in 11 patients. Surgery was performed on seven patients, in addition to thoracic drainage for the treatment of pleurisy and pneumothorax. Three patients died of respiratory failure. Conclusion Pneumothorax is a frequent complication of NTM pleurisy, often making the condition difficult to treat. Surgery at an appropriate time should therefore considered for refractory cases.

Change in lung function in never-smokers with nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease: A retrospective study.

PURPOSE: Never-smokers account for a large proportion of subjects in general population studies on nontuberculous mycobacteria lung disease (NTM-LD). However, the influence of NTM infection on the lung function of never-smokers has not yet been evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine how NTM-LD impairs the lung function in never-smokers, and whether there are an association between successful NTM-LD treatment in radiologic outcomes and improvement in lung function of never-smokers with NTM-LD or not. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of patients (1) who have never smoked during their lifetime; (2) with at least two respiratory specimens from sputum, one bronchial washing sample, or one lung tissue that were culture positive for the same NTM species; and (3) who underwent at least two pulmonary function tests. We enrolled healthy never-smokers as the control group. RESULTS: In 22 never-smokers with NTM-LD, the median forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) at baseline was lower than those in 9 healthy never-smokers [1800 vs 2080 ml (p = 0.23) and 2230 vs 2620 ml (p = 0.06)], respectively. The median change in FEV1 in never-smokers with NTM-LD was lower than that in healthy never-smokers [-70 vs 20 ml per year (p = 0.07), respectively]. On univariate analysis, baseline %-predicted FEV1 in never-smokers with NTM-LD was associated with changes in FVC (p = 0.026) and FEV1 (p = 0.013). Anti-NTM treatment was administered for at least 1 year in 19 patients (86.4%). The relationship between worsening chest CT findings and rapid progressive decline in both FVC (p = 0.66) and FEV1 (p = 0.23) were not significant. CONCLUSION: Never-smokers with NTM-LD showed lung function decline. There was no association between successful NTM-LD treatment in radiologic outcomes and improvement in lung function of never-smokers.

Predictive Factors of Nivolumab-induced Hypothyroidism in Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Although immune checkpoint inhibitors play an important role in the therapy of lung cancer, they are associated with various immune-related adverse events and predictive factors of them are unclear. In this study, we investigated predictive factors of nivolumab-induced hypothyroidism which is one of the adverse events in patients with lung cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with non-small-cell lung cancer who were administered nivolumab at our hospital between December 2015 and May 2016 were retrospectively enrolled. The thyroid-stimulating hormone, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibody, and thyroglobulin antibody levels of each patient were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 64 patients enrolled, 5 (7.8%) developed hypothyroidism after treatment with nivolumab. The TPO and thyroglobulin antibodies were significantly positive in patients who developed primary hypothyroidism. CONCLUSION: TPO and thyroglobulin antibody levels at baseline may be predictive of hypothyroidism.

Combination of virtual bronchoscopic navigation, endobronchial ultrasound, and rapid on-site evaluation for diagnosing small peripheral pulmonary lesions: a prospective phase II study.

BACKGROUND: The diagnostic yield of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs) by flexible bronchoscopy (FB) is still insufficient. To improve the diagnostic yield of bronchoscopy, several techniques such as endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS), virtual bronchoscopic navigation (VBN), and rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) have been examined. The primary purpose of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of combining EBUS, VBN, and ROSE for diagnosing small PPLs. METHODS: Patients with PPLs 30 mm or less on chest computed tomography (CT) were prospectively enrolled. We determined the responsible bronchus for the target lesions using VBN before bronchoscopy was performed. EBUS and ROSE were performed during the examination to determine whether the bronchus and specimen were adequate. On the basis of previous studies, we assumed that the diagnostic yield of 85% among eligible patients would indicate potential usefulness, whereas, the diagnostic yield of 75% would indicate the lower limit of interest. The required number of patients was estimated as 45 for a one-sided α value of 0.2 and a ß value of 0.8. The primary study endpoint was the diagnostic yield. RESULTS: Between June 2014 and July 2015, we enrolled 50 patients in the present study, and we excluded 5 patients. The total diagnostic yield of 45 PPLs was 77.7%. In cases of lung cancer, the diagnostic yield was 84.2%. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of ROSE were 90.6%, 92.3%, 96.7%, and 80.0%, respectively. The diagnostic yield of PPLs from 20 to 30 mm was 87.5%, and the diagnostic yield of PPLs less than 20 mm was 66.7%. PPLs for which the probe was located within the lesion had the highest diagnostic yield. CONCLUSIONS: We could not demonstrate usefulness for diagnosing small PPLs by combining EBUS, VBN, and ROSE. However, combining these techniques may be useful for diagnosing lung cancer.

A Cryptogenic Case of Fulminant Fibrosing Organizing Pneumonia.

Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) generally responds well to corticosteroids with a favorable outcome. Rare cases of organizing pneumonia are rapidly progressive. Yousem et al. studied pathologic predictors of idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia/COP with an unfavorable prognosis. Beardsley and Rassl proposed the name fibrosing organizing pneumonia (FOP). A 74-year-old female non-smoker presented with a 2-week history of dry cough followed by dyspnea and a fever. The clinical course was fulminant, but we successfully performed bronchoscopy. After the diagnosis of FOP, we treated the patient with mechanical ventilation and high-doses of steroids/immunosuppressants, which improved the disease.

Systemic Air Embolism Following Diagnostic Bronchoscopy.

A 51-year-old man was admitted to have a nodule evaluated using chest computed tomography (CT). Shortly after curetting and transbronchial biopsies via bronchoscopy, hypotension, bradycardia, unconsciousness, and left hemiplegia appeared and resolved within one hour. Head CT showed cerebral air embolism. The following day, lower left quadrant pain developed. Pneumatosis intestinalis on abdominal CT and elevation of creatine kinase and troponin T levels indicated air embolism in the mesenteric and coronary arteries. Some reports have documented cerebral air embolism alone after bronchoscopy; however, we should consider systemic air embolism, even when encountering a patient without specific symptoms related to any organ.

[CLINICAL STUDY OF 29 CASES OF ENDOBRONCHIAL TUBERCULOSIS].

[Background] Endobronchial tuberculosis (EBTB) is defined as a tuberculosis infection of the tracheobronchial tree and is often misdiagnosed as bronchial asthma or bron- chitis owing to a lack of typical imaging findings. [Aim] The aim of this study was to elucidate the clinical characteristics of EBTB. [Method] We retrospectively studied EBTB patients hos- pitalized at the National Hospital Organization Kinki-chuo Chest Medical Center (Sakai City, Japan) between January 2005 and April 2014. [Result] A total of 29 patients (8 men and 21 women) were enrolled in this study. The patients' ages ranged from 17 to 86 years. Cough was the most frequently reported symptom. The interval between the appearance of symptoms and an EBTB diagnosis was significantly longer than usual when there was an initial misdiagnosis of bronchial asthma. The most frequent finding of fiber-optic bronchoscopy performed after more than 1 month of treatment was a V-type scar based on Arai's classification system. [Conclusion] A misdiagnosis of EBTB as bronchial asthma leads to a significant delay in correct diagnosis and treat- ment. EBTB must be included in the differential diagnoses of chronic cough and airway constriction sound.

Intravascular synovial sarcoma of the pulmonary artery with massive pleural effusion: report of a case with a favorable response to Ifosfamide chemotherapy and palliative radiation therapy.

Synovial sarcoma (SS) commonly arises in the para-articular soft tissue; however, very few cases of intravascular SS have so far been reported. We herein describe a case of pulmonary artery SS with massive pleural effusion. A biopsy of the pleural lesions showed uniform short spindle cell proliferation, while the SYT-SSX fusion gene, which is preceded by chromosomal translocation t(X;18)(p11;q11), was detected using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Treatment with ifosfamide chemotherapy and palliative radiation therapy was effective in reducing the growth of the tumor in the pulmonary artery and pleural lesions, indicating that this regimen may be useful for the treatment of unresectable SS in the pulmonary artery.